MENINGITE NO BRASIL: ANÁLISE DE ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DURANTE 10 ANOS

Introduction: Meningitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the membranes that line the Central Nervous System (CNS) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The incidence of this disease depends on factors such as population agglomerations, socioeconomic characteristics of the population and the climate and etiological agents, such as viruses and bacteria. In Brazil, despite the improvement in prognosis in the last ten years, infectious meningitis still represents a relevant public health problem, requiring greater attention from an epidemiological point of view. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological aspects of meningitis in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study was carried out, using data from the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), which were organized in tables and graphs for epidemiological analysis. The applied variables were: symptom year, notification region, age group, etiology, confirmatory criterion, sex, race, serogroup and case evolution. Results: 182,126 cases of meningitis were reported in Brazil between the years 2010 and 2019, with 2012 having the highest number of records. It was found that the disease is predominant in males (59.12%), affecting mainly individuals identified by race / white color (56.73%) and those belonging to the age group 0-9 years (47.11%) ), with the evolution to hospital (89,55%) discharge being the most prevalent outcome. The Southeast of the country had a higher number of cases, corresponding to 54.23%. Viral meningitis (45.86%) and serogroup C of minigitis menigococcal (3.43%) were the ones that stood out the most, being the chemocytological exam (60.98%) the most used as a confirmatory criterion. Conclusion: It was found that meningitis is an endemic disease in all Brazilian regions, which shows the need to improve health actions regarding the prevention of this disease, including educational and assistance aspects, in addition to reinforcing the importance of notification by Health professionals.Introdução: A meningite é uma doença inflamatória que acomete as membranas que revestem o Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e o líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). A incidência desse agravo depende de fatores como aglomerados populacionais, características socioeconômicas da população e do clima e agentes etiológicos, como vírus e bactérias. No Brasil, apesar de haver nos últimos dez anos melhorias no prognóstico, as meningites infecciosas ainda representam um relevante problema de saúde pública, necessitando de maior atenção do ponto de vista epidemiológico. Objetivo: Analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos da meningite no Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2019. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo, retrospectivo e quantitativo, com a utilização de dados provenientes do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), os quais foram organizados em tabelas e gráficos para análise epidemiológica. As variáveis aplicadas foram: ano, sintoma, região de notificação, faixa etária, etiologia, critério confirmatório, sexo, raça, sorogrupo e evolução dos casos. Resultados: Foram notificados 182.126 casos de meningite no Brasil entre os anos de 2010 e 2019, sendo o ano de 2012 o de maior número de registros. Verificou-se que a doença é predominante no sexo masculino (59,12%), acometendo principalmente os indivíduos identificados por raça/cor branca (56,73%) e aqueles pertencentes à faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos (47,11%), sendo a evolução para a alta hospitalar (89,55%) o desfecho de maior prevalência. O Sudeste do país apresentou maior número de casos, correspondendo a 54,23%. A meningite viral (45,86%) e o sorogrupo C da meningite meningocócica (3,43%) foram os que mais se destacaram, sendo o exame quimiocitológico (60,98%) o mais utilizado como critério confirmatório. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a meningite é uma doença endêmica em todas as regiões brasileiras, o que mostra a necessidade do aperfeiçoamento das ações de saúde no tocante à prevenção dessa doença, incluindo aspectos educativos e assistenciais, além de reforçar a importância da notificação pelos profissionais de saúde. Introduction: Meningitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the membranes that line the Central Nervous System (CNS) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The incidence of this disease depends on factors such as population agglomerations, socioeconomic characteristics of the population and the climate and etiological agents, such as viruses and bacteria. In Brazil, despite the improvement in prognosis in the last ten years, infectious meningitis still represents a relevant public health problem, requiring greater attention from an epidemiological point of view. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological aspects of meningitis in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study was carried out, using data from the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), which were organized in tables and graphs for epidemiological analysis. The applied variables were: symptom year, notification region, age group, etiology, confirmatory criterion, sex, race, serogroup and case evolution. Results: 182,126 cases of meningitis were reported in Brazil between the years 2010 and 2019, with 2012 having the highest number of records. It was found that the disease is predominant in males (59.12%), affecting mainly individuals identified by race / white color (56.73%) and those belonging to the age group 0-9 years (47.11%) ), with the evolution to hospital (89,55%) discharge being the most prevalent outcome. The Southeast of the country had a higher number of cases, corresponding to 54.23%. Viral meningitis (45.86%) and serogroup C of minigitis menigococcal (3.43%) were the ones that stood out the most, being the chemocytological exam (60.98%) the most used as a confirmatory criterion. Conclusion: It was found that meningitis is an endemic disease in all Brazilian regions, which shows the need to improve health actions regarding the prevention of this disease, including educational and assistance aspects, in addition to reinforcing the importance of notification by Health professionals. Introducción: La meningitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria que afecta las membranas que recubren el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) y el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). La incidencia de esta enfermedad depende de factores como la aglomeración de población, las características socioeconómicas de la población y el clima, así como los agentes etiológicos, como virus y bacterias. En Brasil, a pesar de la mejora en el pronóstico en los últimos diez años, la meningitis infecciosa todavía representa un problema relevante de salud pública, requiriendo una mayor atención desde un punto de vista epidemiológico. Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos epidemiológicos de la meningitis en Brasil, desde 2010 hasta 2019. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, retrospectivo y cuantitativo, utilizando datos del Sistema Nacional de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (SINAN), que se organizaron en tablas y gráficos para el análisis epidemiológico. Las variables aplicadas fueron: año de síntomas, región de notificación, grupo de edad, etiología, criterio confirmatorio, sexo, raza, serogrupo y evolución del caso. Resultados: Se notificaron 182,126 casos de meningitis en Brasil entre los años 2010 y 2019, siendo 2012 el año con el mayor número de registros. Se encontró que la enfermedad es predominante en hombres (59.12%), afectando principalmente a individuos identificados como de raza blanca (56.73%) y a aquellos pertenecientes al grupo de edad de 0 a 9 años (47.11%), con la evolución a alta hospitalaria (89.55%) siendo el resultado más prevalente. La región Sudeste del país tuvo un mayor número de casos, correspondiendo al 54.23%. La meningitis viral (45.86%) y el serogrupo C de la meningocócica (3.43%) fueron los más destacados, siendo el examen quimocitológico (60.98%) el más utilizado como criterio confirmatorio. Conclusión: Se encontró que la meningitis es una enfermedad endémica en todas las regiones de Brasil, lo que muestra la necesidad de mejorar las acciones de salud en relación con la prevención de esta enfermedad, incluidos aspectos educativos y de asistencia, además de reforzar la importancia de la notificación por parte de los profesionales de la salud

Energy metabolism: gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation

Most animal cells are able to meet their energy needs from the oxidation of various types of compounds: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, but some tissues and cells of our body depend exclusively on glucose and the brain is the largest consumer of all. That is why the body has mechanisms in order to keep glucose levels stable. As it decreases, the degradation of hepatic glycogen occurs, which maintains the appropriate levels of blood glucose allowing its capture continues by those tissues, even in times of absence of food intake. But this reserve is limited, so another metabolic pathway is triggered for glucose production, which occurs in the kidneys and liver and is called gluconeogenesis, which means the synthesis of glucose from non-glucose compounds such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. Most stages of glycolysis use the same enzymes as glycolysis, but it makes the opposite sense and differs in three stages or also called deviations: the first is the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate and oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. The second deviation is the conversion of fructose 1,6 biphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate and the third and last deviation is the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

Anti-inflammatory foods: human food patterns, bioactive principles and mechanisms of action

With the increase in life expectancy accompanied by the gradual decrease in the birth rate as well as the greater income distribution associated with the quantitative increase in the minimum wage above inflation and the increase in its purchasing power, today the Brazilian population shows a moment exactly opposite to that found in the last century both in epidemiological terms and in the nutritional pattern. Brazil is currently experiencing the same pattern of mortality as developed countries: the majority of chronic non-communicable diseases are the main cause of death associated with an established model of obesity and sedentarism. These factors incline the scientific community and health professionals to turn their efforts to find food solutions that ease this epidemiological picture and it is in this context that anti-inflammatory foods have gained prominence. The following describes the main compounds that fit this magnitude of effect and their mechanisms of action

Nutritional physical examination: historical, methodological and applied approach

The historical interest in the use of physical evaluation skills in clinical settings gained new notoriety at the end of the 20th century with evidence that patients in intensive care units experienced increased morbidity and mortality related to poor nutritional status before and/or during their admission. This awareness of the adverse effects of malnutrition led to the need for screening and evaluation tools to identify nutritional risk. no clinical finding of EFN should be considered a diagnosis per se. It is academic, scientific and clinical consensus that its results should be interpreted as suggestive, being crucial to consider the other methods of clinical evaluation of the patient\u27s nutritional status for the correct global nutritional diagnosis. However, the systematic and periodic repetition of the test may help to follow the evolution of the individual\u27s nutritional status, especially in the long term. In summary, although it requires specialized training and continuous practice of the evaluator and/or the team – in addition to requiring complementary nutritional information – the physical nutritional examination can still be considered an effective adjuvant method in the clinical evaluation of the patient’s nutritional status

Endocannabinoid system: conceptual parameters, history and therapeutic possibilities

Among the drugs considered illicit in the West, the Cannabis sativa plant is the most consumed: around 4% of the adult population, 10% of these users are in a situation of dependence. However, the medicinal use of this herb dates back to the early days of the emergence of our own species: some anthropologists theorize that some of the genus Homo has progressed in the struggle for survival with other hominids precisely because of the advanced knowledge – kept to the proper proportions – it possessed of plants like Cannabis. Millennia later, science – even focusing intensely on the chemical characterization of its more than 530 bioactive components – was still not able to generate verifiable hypotheses in order to explain two of the most remarkable characteristics of the recreational use of this plant: because small chemical changes potentiated the effect of the drug up to 100 times and, mainly, because it would be virtually impossible for an individual to suffer a lethal overdose of the substance. To overcome this paradigm, some compounds derived from delta-ninetetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) - the main component of cannabis – were radioactively marked in an experimental study and, after their induction, it was discovered that they had tropism by brain membranes and that their binding was saturated and stereosleptic. Such evidence strongly suggested the existence of endogenous receptors for the drug and it was these findings that led to the discovery of the Endocanabinoid System (SEC): a physiological apparatus made up of endogenous receptors and binders, philogenetically conserved, responsible for several controls related to neuronal homeostasis

Using the cell phone while standing or walking affects balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease

Background Cell phones are part of peoples' lives. The literature indicates risks when cell phones are used during a secondary motor task. Studies addressing this topic in people with Parkinson's disease are still scarce. Objective To investigate the impact of daily dual tasks with cell phone on balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease, compared to healthy control peers. Methods Participants with Parkinson's disease and controls underwent three motor tasks: (1) Standing and walking without using a cell phone; (2) Standing and walking while talking on the phone; and (3) Standing and walking while texting messages on the phone. Assessments involved balance and mobility tests. Statistical analysis was performed with multivariate analysis of variance, comparing main effect for group (Parkinson's disease × control), task (using × not using cell phone) and interactions (group × task). Significance was set at 5%. Effect sizes are reported. Results Participants with Parkinson's disease showed worse balance (p = 0.001, effect size of 0.471) and mobility (p = 0.001, effect size of 0.472) than control peers. The use of cell phone while performing a secondary motor task affected both groups (p = 0.005, effect size of 0.673 for balance and p = 0.001, effect size of 0.549 for mobility). The dual task impact, however, was higher in the Parkinson's disease group (p = 0.009, effect size of 0.407 for mobility). Conclusion Daily dual tasks with cell phones increase imbalance and mobility risks in Parkinson's disease. People should be careful when using their cell phone while standing or walking

Discourse Analysis On Physical Activity For People With Disabilities

The subject discussed refers to the importance of physical activity for people with disabilities, both in physical and psychological aspects. The general objective of this work is to identify the relationship of the person with disability to the sport, as guaranteed by the Federal Constitution, giving the person with disability the right to the sport. As a specific objective, to analyze through journalistic texts what is the perception of the person with disability in face of his/her limitations. The methodology used will be an analytical approach, together with bibliographic and documentary research. The relevance for the study of this theme is the look at the person with disability, which is often forgotten by the public power, or pre-judged by the society that most of the times does not know the concept of disability, or when they come across it, they do not know how to act or how to treat a person with disability. Maybe because they don't even know how they think according to their current life condition, as to the difficulties, as to the accessibility, as to the expectations, as to the way they are seen or treated by society. This raises a question: How are people with disabilities treated by society and public authorities? Are their rights being respected? This answer can be traced back to a critical analysis of a person with disability's discourse